Iceberg Model
Understand
Dig beyond surface events.
A hospital noticed rising burnout among nurses. At first, it seemed like a staffing issue. But as the team looked closer, they saw new hires were quitting within months. Rotating shifts, little say in scheduling, and overwhelming patient loads added to the strain. Underneath it all, they uncovered a deeper problem—some leaders believed that “toughing it out” was simply part of being a good nurse. That mindset had quietly shaped the culture.
Steps
Events: Identify what’s happening right now. Clearly describe the visible issue or problem.
Patterns: Look for trends or recurring events over time. Note these observations to recognize repeated behaviors or outcomes.
Structures: Determine underlying connections and relationships driving these patterns. Identify factors or interactions within the system that shape these trends.
Mental models: Reflect on beliefs, values, and assumptions influencing these structures. Consider perspectives or mindsets that sustain the current system.
Use your understanding of deeper levels—patterns, structures and mental models—to strategically address the root cause and prevent future occurrences.
Based on the ideas of Donella Meadows (1992).
Related Building Cards
